A New Life :: Personal Narrative Divorce Family Essays

A New Life after(prenominal) about eight years of my gives searching to set back the love once received from my father and my hopes of my parents getting back together, she slash in love with someone fresh, shattering all my hopes. Assuming this new love wanted to replace my father, I put up an stirred up wall. Eventually, this wall crumbled down when I realized that my parents were happier apart than when they were together. Even though my set out and father no longer had a relationship, the one mingled with my acquire and me matured forcefulally. This occurred after I finally accepted that she, too, essential love, a love that her children alone could not give her.After my parents divorced, my mother became lonely. Finally, she decided to start dating. My mother had never really dated originally my parents got married, so it seemed rough at first. For the first time, my mother relied on me for approval. I took on the parental role and, therefore, terminated any unapproved relationships, since her date could obliterate up as my new father. I finally decided to maintain her to one of my friends fathers of whom I did approve. I had no goal of them getting married. I just wanted her to date someone who would enshroud her right and I knew he would.As time passed, they began to see more(prenominal) and more of each other and I noticed a drastic change in my mothers attitude. She began acting like a teenager. She even got that giggle that girls get when they get a crush. I mat up positively all overjoyed at seeing my mother like this. slightly two months after they began dating, she came home late one night and verbalize she had a surprise for us. My sister and I continued to play our Nintendo biz not thinking anything of the surprise she had mentioned. However, our game of computerized Monopoly came to a sudden end. I could not believe what I was hearing. After only two months of dating, my mother and Mike started talking about marriage. My mind went blank and I could not even get out congratulations. Apparently assuming I disapproved, my mother stormed out of the room, angered and hurt. She avoided me the next twenty-four hours, unsure of what to say to me.The following day after school I remained in my room. My mother brought Mike over to talk with me.

International Case : Reengineering the Business Process at Procter & Gamble

1) The reengineering efforts of P&G center on the business process system. Do you think other processes, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the human system, or other managerial policies need to be considered in a process plan?2) What do you think was the response of the brand managers, who may have worked under the old system for many a(prenominal) years, when the category management structure was installed?3) As a consultant, would you have recommended a top-down or a bottom-up approach, or both, to process redesign and organizational change?4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.How should Mr. Durant assess the opportunities in respective(a) countries around the world? Mr. Durant, the new CEO since 2005, embarked on the new dodge by offering 15percent new products in its hypermarkets and 10 percent in its supermarkets. More over, he wants to employ more staff, extend the operating hours in certain(a) hypermarkets, cutting prices, trying small stores, and pushing down decision making. Mr. Durant aims to wedge only in countries where Carrefour is among the top retailers.2. Should Carrefour adopt Wal-Marts scheme of base prices everyday? What would be the advantage or disadvantage of such a system? Yes certainly they have to adopt the outline of low pricing every day, In France, where Carrefour is well established, the company do the big mistake in its pricing policy. Itprobably started with the 1999 merger with Promodes, the French entailment chain.Carrefour confused the French clientele by losing its low-cost image. The new strategy which they want to implement discounts and cutting prices, trying small stores certainly result help Carrefour to keep their competition in all over the world. 3. How could Carrefour differentiate itself from Wal-Mart?Wal-Mart is more than just the worlds largest retailer. It is an economic force, a heathenish phenomenon and a lightning rod for controversy. It all started with a simple philos ophy from return Sam Walton Offer shoppers lower prices than they get anywhere else. That basic strategy has take shaped Wal-Marts culture and driven the companys growth.Now that Wal-Mart is so huge, it has unprecedented power to shape labour markets globally and change the way entire industries operate.

Functionalism in Education

? Having attended universe schools throughout my childhood and adolescence, I never was familiar with the name practicableism and its some another(prenominal) elements. After observing and analyzing my field officement schoolroom I have come to understand the concept of functionalism to some extent. In general, functionalists escort schools as serving to socialize students to adapt to the economic, political, and social institutions of that society (Feinberg, p. 6, 2004).They excessively theorize that in order for societies to survive, they must carry out vital functions such as, attaining fundamental knowledge and acquiring essential skills and proficiency, acknowledging certain norms and value within their community, and recognizing authority figures. It is also believed that social solidarity and role differentiation argon the primary aspirations for a society and is achieved by means of the educational system. I can recall instances from my schooling experience, where f unctionalist aspects were taught and are posely being utilize in the classroom I observed.Some of the various features of functionalism that I place within the classroom are hidden course of instruction, role differentiation and specificity, which I will be addressing, more in depth throughout this paper. The classroom I analyzed from Smith Junior High consists of half-dozen especial(a) education students between the hop ons of 13 to 17. A majority of the students are racially diverse and come from a low income household. These students are classified as moderately mentally disabled and each have an IEP, which include their present level of academic achievement and functional exerciseance.The setting of the classroom is comprised of a structured yet uncomplicated curriculum, where their teacher Angi root system, incorporates practical and efficient encyclopedism strategies. The entire curriculum is based upon the concept of functioning in all day situations so I was able t o identify numerous functional activities. My first observation of the class was on January, 29th at 12pm in the aft(prenominal)noon. The students were just arriving back in the room from lunch and were quite disobedient because I was in the room. As soon as their teacher, Mrs. calm asked them to decline down, they flat became silent.This is an example of an unspoken expectation of the teacher and is one of many hidden curriculums that I witnessed in the classroom. other instance was during instruction Mrs. Root had asked a question pertaining to shapes and who ever knew the answer, demonstrated this particular hidden curriculum by raising their hand. The functionalist concept, hidden curriculum, is best defined as organisational features and routines of school life that provide the structure needed to develop the mental dispositions appropriate for work and citizenship in industrial society (Feinberg, p. 1, 2004). It is intended to attend in achieving norms, learning ones p osition in society, and how to call up of oneself. Hidden curriculum has also been explained as making the transition from family to the real(a) world less difficult. This concept applies to the examples I gave because when the teacher asked the students to settle down, they instantly knew that they needed to follow statements. The idea that teachers are authority figures and deserve to be respected is instilled in children at a very young age and is expected to be upheld.As for students raising their hands when wanting to peach or answer a question, this has also been implanted in childrens minds and is a norm in todays society. I conducted my foster observation the following week on Monday, February 2nd, in the morning at 9am. The students had just barely arrived to school and it was the first day back after the weekend. Mrs. Root began the day by allowing the kids to choose their designated job o the week. The six jobs the students can select from are line leader, door holde r, paper passer, sharpening pencils, number the lights on/off, and errand runner.The kids get so excited about choosing their job or role for the week. This motivates them and makes them want to become more efficient and responsible. Functionalists dispute oer the fact that all members within a society are compelled to perform different tasks. The concept of role differentiation is found in nearly all communities and guarantees that even the most unpleasant jobs are completed. The process of selecting and fulfilling a classroom indebtedness helps students form a face-to-face identity of themselves. Role differentiation facilitates individuals to gain a sense of be in their society and helps build their character.It also assists them in learning responsibility which they can apply to every day life. My final observation took place on Tuesday, February 3rd, at 230pm. I was able to observe the teacher, Mrs. Root, decree the norm of specificity. One of the students, a girl named S helby, is required to wear level braces because she has a difficult time walking. When walking to Adapted P. E, we had to operate up stairs, which proved to challenging for Shelby. So she wouldnt trip and fall, Mrs. Root helped Shelby maneuver up the go until she was safely at he top. Another student named Marcus asked why we didnt help him up the steps.Mrs. Root answered, formulation that Shelby has a harder time getting up the stairs then he does. While Marcus can easily run up and down the steps twenty times, Shelby can barely make it up once with assistance. Specificity refers to the give-and-take of a person in terms of some standardized basis of comparison (Feinberg, p. 19, 2004). Universalism, which is equal give-and-take of individuals, is quite the opposite of the term specificity, permitting exceptions to be made for special circumstances. In lieu of the observations I made, Mrs. Root employ her judgment on how to handle the situation of fairness.Instead of requiri ng the same treatment for all her students, certain exceptions are made for individuals with specific needs and disabilities. Overall, I was surprised to discover exactly how many differential functionalist aspects were actually employ in the classroom I observed. Analyzing the roles and behaviors of the students and teacher, I now feel I have a greater grasp on the functionalist concepts. As for my take on functionalism, I am a bit concerned with the increase diversity of school populations and the effect this is having on teaching functionalism in schools.At Smith Junior High, where I conducted my observations, curriculum mapping, which is quite the opposite of functionalist ideals, was being used by most of the teachers. There are many challenges that must be dealt with, in regards to this, because of the No Child Left fanny Act. I am not in opposition to the cohesion of different ethnic groups but am worried about the direction public schools are taking. I sense that the mai n functionalist approaches taught in public schools may become phased out, which in turn, will be extremely perverting for the society as a whole.

Objectives in Corporate Finance Essay

If you put one acrosst know where you be going, it does not matter how you get there Aswath Damodaran Stern School of Business Aswath Damodaran 2 First Principles Invest in projects that yield a return greater than the minimum acceptable bank vault rate. The hurdle rate should be higher for riskier projects and reflect the financing go used owners funds (equity) or borrowed money (debt) Returns on projects should be heedful based on cash flows generated and the timing of these cash flows they should also escort both positive and negative side effects of these projects.Choose a financing mix that minimizes the hurdle rate and matches the assets being financed. If there atomic number 18 not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners of the tight (if public, these would be gillyflowerholders). The form of returns dividends and stock buybacks will depend upon the stockholders characteristics. Objective maximise the nourish of the Firm As wath Damodaran 3 The Classical ViewpointVan Horne In this book, we assume that the objective of the trusty is to maximize its shelter to its stockholders Brealey & Myers advantage is usually judged by value Sh arholders are made better finish up by any decision which increases the value of their stake in the firm The secret of success in financial management is to increase value.The near important theme is that the objective of the firm is to maximize the wealth of its stockholders. Brigham and Gapenski throughout this book we operate on the assumption that the managements native goal is stockholder wealth maximization which translates into maximizing the price of the habitual stock. Aswath Damodaran 4 The Objective in Decision Making In traditionalistic corporate finance, the objective in decision making is to maximize the value of the firm. A narrower objective is to maximize stockholder wealth. When the stock is traded and markets are viewed to be efficient, the object ive is to maximize the stock price.All other goals of the firm are intermediate ones leading to firm value maximization, or operate as constraints on firm value maximization. Aswath Damodaran 5 The Criticism of Firm Value Maximization Maximizing stock price is not incompatible with conflict employee needs/objectives. In particular Employees are often stockholders in numerous firms Firms that maximize stock price generally are firms that have hardened employees well. Maximizing stock price does not mean that customers are not critical to success.In most businesses, keeping customers happy is the route to stock price maximization. Maximizing stock price does not imply that a company has to be a social outlaw. Aswath Damodaran 6 Why traditional corporate financial theory focuses on maximizing stockholder wealth. have a bun in the oven price is easily observable and constantly updated (unlike other measures of performance, which may not be as easily observable, and certainly not updated as frequently). If investors are rational (are they? ), stock prices reflect the wisdom of decisions, short term and extensive term, instantaneously.

Advantages and disadvantages of E-books over books Essay

E-books contain been around for a few years and even though printed books argon compose very popular E-books are becoming much than popular as well. To be able to look at E-books people accept to have a special invention c totallyed the E- take aimer or a tablet. affected books do not seem relevant each much, but at that place are still a jam of people who hold on to or handle the traditional books. Some people expected the arrival of the e-book to replace the intention of printed books. It send packing be noted that this is not true. Although the E-book seems to have a serve up of values, there are withal blemishs when it comes to E-books.One of the main disadvantage tally to Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013), Tian Xiang Yu (2008) and Scott (2013) is that the referee needs an electronic device, like an E-reader or tablet. As with all technology it smoke break. Readers need to be far more vigilant with their E-readers than with books. One fall can break the screen of an E-reader, making it sullen to read whereas a book can still be read. Scott (2013) also articulates that a second occupation with needing an E-reader is that not every E-book can be downloaded on every E-reader.E- readers may not support every E-book format, this causes readers to be limited in the books they are able to read. A last problem with using an electronic device according to Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013), Tian Xiang Yu (2008) and J. Perrine (2010) is, when working with an electronic device readers have to keep in mind that it needs to be charged. When the shelling dies, readers cannot read until they charge the device. According to blogger, J. Perrine (2010), not only the fragile state or the incompatibility issues of E-readers is a problem, it also costs a administrate of money to purchase an E-reader.The cost of an E-reader varies from proximally 50 to over 200 Euros. counterbalance though E-books can be read on a laptop computer or tablet, it still is a very e xpensive purchase. Another disadvantage according to Scott (2013) and Tian Xiang Yu (2008) is staring at a screen all day. This can cause the readers to hurt their eyes, which leads to tiredness, headaches and blurred vision. A screen also does not have the very(prenominal) resolution as print on paper. Finally, education an E-book also causes the experience of interpret a book to change regularize Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013) and Jill Harness (n.d. ).Readers cannot flip through E-books soft, which makes it hard to go back and discover something up. Not only that takes away from the experience but also the intent and feel of holding a printed book. The work that goes into book covers cannot be portray the same on a screen and opening a punctuate new book, cracking the spine is an experience an E-book can never give. On the other hand there are also advantages. The most clear one is that E-readers are easy to take with you. Readers do not have to obtain around a whole stack o f books when they go on holiday.Readers only need to take one device that can carry hundreds of books and a charger to their destination. No more heavy bags and back breed (Tara Entwistle-Clark, 2013, Linda McMaken, 2012 and Jill Harness, n. d. ). In addition not only on the go this saves spot according to Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013) and Jill Harness (n. d), but also in the readers home. Readers do not need large bookcases full of books anymore, this is especially a great advantage when one does not have a apportion of space in their home. It makes a small home look more organized and with only one device readers have their whole program library of books with them.Next, E-books themselves cost less than printed books and especially many English E-books can be found for free online. According to J. Perrine (2010), Linda McMaken (2012) and Michael Pastore (2008) this great availability and easy handiness of E-books online can be a good motivation for people, especially children, to read more. The junior generation spends a lot of time behind a screen already and superpower be more likely to read a book on screen than a printed one. Reading books becomes easier, when the reader does not have to go out of the house to go corrupt a book or wait until their order arrives at home.They are one click away from getting a book and can start reading almost immediately. Michael Pastore (2008) and Jill Harness (n. d. ) write that another advantage is the fact that readers can customize front size, front color, front agency and page size. This makes reading easier for people who have sight disabilities. For example, they can select for a larger front size, which makes it easier for them to read. Some E-reader screens can be lit, which makes reading in the dark possible. E-books also give the opportunity to use multimedia, like adding sounds, moving images and links to internet pages.This way reading becomes a more interactive activity, making it again more appealin g for a younger audience. Finally, the environment will benefit from the use of E-books as there is no use of paper and since readers can download E-books right from their home there is also no need to transport books to a store. This results in save transportation costs and lowers the air contamination that comes with shipping books across the world. In addition it also saves space, as there is no need any more for depots or stores to store books. E-books are stored on the internet subsequently all.(Michael Pastore, 2008 and Jill Harness, n. d.) In conclusion E-readers break easily and readers need to be more careful as not to break them. Readers need to keep in mind that not every E-book is compatible with every E-reader and that E-readers are expensive. Readers might get negative side effects from staring at a screen all day. Finally reading E-books does not give readers the same experience as reading a printed book. In contrast E-books are good for the environment, no transpor tation or paper needed. Readers can easily take many books with them, only needing an E-reader and it saves space in the readers home.Another great advantages is that E-books are cheaper than printed books and easier accessibly. Front sizes of E-books can be customized to the readers disposition and they give the opportunity to use multimedia. This way E-books can reach a bigger audience. Finally we can say that E-books have a lot of advantages and disadvantages over books and it is up to the reader which they prefer. Bibliography Entwistle-Clark, T. (2013). Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Readers. Examiner. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from http//www. examiner. com/article/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-e-readers.Harness, J. (n. d. ). The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books. Online-bookstores-review. toptenreviews. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from http//online-bookstores-review. toptenreviews. com/the-advantages-of-ebooks-versus-traditional-books. html McMaken, L. (2012). E-Books Vs. Print Books. Investopedia. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from http//www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0812/e-books-vs. -print-books. aspx Pastore, M. (2008). 30 Benefits of Ebooks. Epublishersweekly. blogspot. nl. Retrieved January 17, 2014 from http//epublishersweekly. blogspot.nl/2008/02/30-benefits-of-ebooks. html Perrine, J. (2010). E-books and reading devices advantages and disadvantages. E-booksandreaders. blogspot. nl. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from http//e-booksandreaders. blogspot. nl/p/advantages-and-disadvantages. html Scott. (2013). Disadvantages of E-books. Sunflowerbookfest. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from http//www. sunflowerbookfest. com/disadvantages-of-e-books Yu, T. X. (2008). Disadvantages of E-books. Ezinearticles. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from http//ezinearticles. com/? Disadvantages-of-E-books&id=1324883

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT Essay

Positive Effects of incorporated PunishmentCorporal vindicatement in regards to howling(a) has been used for hundreds of years in educational systems and in house holds and is still legal in all liter states for p arnts to use in there household because it is an effective instruction to punish a electric razor for wrong behavior. Even though in the de circumstanceination couple of decades this topic has been rattling controversial, many countries and educational systems reserve resolved to taboolawed incorporated penalization because of the belief that it has created more than and more savage behavior in children. merely, there is still no direct inter-group communication to full of life causing children to book more ruby behavior. However, if youth force out and dysfunction is increasing at the a uniform time that natural penalisation is decreasing, we should be open nice to consider whether the two tr overthrows are related. mayhap there is no connection. B ut maybe lawmakers and child welfare workers should go a bun in the oven more attention to the research suggesting that physical athletic field can be helpful in certain contexts (Larzelere,2005). The whole reason for penalty is to condition a behavior from possibility again by applying an unpleasant stimulus immediately after a bad behavior has occurred. Therefore, we use corporeal penalty because it is a method of punishment called punishment by finish which whipping is applied to the child after a bad behavior, preventing it from happening again, which also help implement arrest.But corporal punishment is existence apposed because other studies enounce it promotes more anger and aggression in juveniles, only places where it has been totally criminalizeed have shown different results. For instance, after Sweden outlawed spanking, convulsive behavior did non decrease. Instead, there has been substantially more force out in Sweden than ever before effect by child ren, violence by parents, and violence by society in general (Grusec, 1994). That being said, there is no direct link to corporal punishment being the cause of violence increase because this shows it did respectable the opposite. But research does show that it could be link to  many occasion else, journalist Patricia Hersch tells of the deluge of adolescent dysfunction sweeping the nation, manifesting itself in everything from drugs, sex, and underachievement to depression, suicide, and offensive and it is being seen in younger and younger children. About 20% of kids out serious have some sort of developmental, leaseing, or behavioral disorder. And as the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development warns, substantial numbers of American youth are at risk of reaching adulthood unable to meet adequately the requirements of the workplace, the commitments of relationships in families and with friends, and the responsibilities of participation in a democratic society.(Hersch, 19 98) And a constituent of this is being caused by the lack of parenthood and how parents are raising their kids immediately days with substantially fewer parents staying home with their kids and we have become habituated to TV, movies, and videogames (Rosemond, 1989). Parents dont have to attend to their kids as much because they upright put a T.V. or some kind of videogame system in front of them to keep them occupied. Thus, giving the kids less interaction with other mass and their parents, which can lead to bad relationships and also antisocial which leads to aggression as well. So we see all these things that easily effect our children and their behavior solely people still try to link all of it back to corporal punishment when we should look at the big picture.A common misconstrue is how to use corporal punishment powerful, and the primary goal most parents have in administering corporal punishment is to preventative children from misbehaving immediately (Gershoff, 2002) and is indeed a good method when used correctly. When a parent is using corporal punishment out of anger, frustration, or aggression, the child will learn that same action you apply on them. Therefore, the punishment can be categorize as abuse to an extent and when pain is being forced on a child out of your own aggression and anger they learn those same attributes and those later on cause behavioral problems down the road. But when used on the button to stop a specific behavior with out trying to inflict pain on the child is when it is most effective, and yes spanking is a primitive discipline method. But a childs mind is also primitive. As researchers like Dr. Jean Piaget of the University of Geneva have popularized, kids learn from the tangible to the intangiblefrom the concrete to the abstract. It is during the tangible, concrete stages when physical discipline seems to be the most helpful (Fuller, 2010). Thus, when using corporal punishment correctly and non abusively, the child understands immediately at a younger age. It is just like a dog, you need to train them at a very young age for the training to be most effective. Same thing goes for children because at a young age is when it becomes concrete, and just like dogs again, and when they loot getting older its harder to get children to obey, and you cant teach a dog new tricks.But statistics from Sears, Maccoby, and Levin (1957) show that they found that 99% of the children they examine experienced CP at least occasionally. If thats true and corporal punishment causes aggression, promotes unfounded activities, and learning disabilities like people say then wherefore doesnt everyone have aggression, behavior problems, and learning disabilities? They dont because spanking is to be better at controlling aggression than mental punishments like timeout, reasoning, scolding, non-contact punishment, privilege removal, love withdrawal, or diverting. Also showing that calm and controlled spanking, and spanking in response to defiance, is uniformly more beneficial than other punishments. (Larzelere,2005) developing up in a household where corporal punishment was emphatically used by my parents, I feel my experience has had a abundant impact on me because it has honestly helped me now more than anything. I say that because at a young age I learned warm what was right and wrong and have al vogues been able to pick up onto things fast, and as I grew up I force have had some family problems and what not but I feel like me being make grow at such a young age, it has kept with me all along. And Im not just discipline because I think I will be punished or something, but I have learned to be more, Ive learned to be self-disciplined, and being disciplined has helped me in school, sports, living life on a daily basis, and my future. And that is other reason I believe corporal punishment is effective it teaches discipline at such a young age, and with discipline comes responsibilit y, and these two traits are key for healthy lifestyle not just at a young age but through your whole life. Because no subject how old you are their will always be a punishment for your disobedience, whether its disobeying your parents or its disobeying a police officer, either way your going to have to disciplined enough to take responsibility for your actions. And if your qualification bad decisions or choices then youll probably have a worsened punishment whether its a spanking or you go to prison. Punishments just get worse as we get older so might as well be disciplined now then end up in jail.In conclusion, I see corporal punishment as a very effective way for children to learn not to disobey your parents but to also just be obedient in general. Even though some researchers say it has evidence leading to violent behaviors and aggression, their research seems to be inadequate when it comes to the results and observations of research. Research trying to patronage the outla w of corporal punishment even says the evidence presented is not strong enough to permit a conclusion that it has been proven that smacking causes long term adverse effects on children (Larzelere,2005). Proving my point that corporal punishment is not a direct link to issues down the line, and I would like to honor that corporal punishment is an effective way of punishment if used for the right reason and depending on the context of the behavior, and that it has personally directed me and influenced me in more of a positive way.AbstractAfter using the information I was able to gather from R. E. Larzelere, J. E. Grusec, P. Hersch, as well as J. Rosemod to help support my thinker that corporal punishment is still an effective way of punishment in todays society. Even though there is so many argued topics on the issue at the moment, I still conclude from my research that corporal punishment has no direct link to violence, aggression, and behavioral problems. Even after looking at ev idence from E. Gershoff that tries to support the idea that corporal punishment causes behavioral problems as well as violent behaviors, a thorough understanding of whether and how corporal punishment affects children has not been reached. It hasnt been reached because the research that is being used is unreliable and some of the parents are not aware of how to properly use corporal punishment on a child, so they are actually doing harm to their child because they are toilsome the child out of anger rather than the sole reason to stop a behavior. Therefore, I believe corporal punishment is an effective way of punishment and helps direct children the correct way down the road in life with quality traits like discipline, responsibility, and respecting and obeying your authorities.ReferenceRobert E. Larzelere & Brett R. Kuhn, Comparing tike Outcomes of Physical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary Tactics A Meta-Analysis, 8 CLINICAL CHILD & FAM. PSYCHOL. REV. 1, 32 (2005) hereinafter Larzelere, Meta-Analysis Joan E. Grusec & Jacqueline J. Goodnow, Impact of enate Discipline Methods on the Childs Internalization of Values A Reconceptualization of Current Points of View, 30 DEV. PSYCHOL. 7 (1994) PATRICIA HERSCH, A TRIBE APART A JOURNEY INTO THE HEART OF AMERICAN ADOLESCENCE 12 (1998) JOHN ROSEMOND, JOHN ROSEMONDS SIX-POINT PLAN FOR RAISING HAPPY, HEALTHY CHILDREN 179-80 (1989) Gershoff, E. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences A meta-analytic and theoretical review.Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539-579. Retrieved from http//www.comm.umn.edu/akoerner/courses/4471-F12/Readings/Gershoff (2002).pdf

A Real Contemporary Problem: Fraternity Deaths and Violence

Imagine a picture of an ideal university, Lush viridity surroundings, modernized facilities, eccentric and highly recognized professors stuttering about, c arefully selected students with their own lineament to boast, chatting freely in the grounds and the basic motto of Honor and excellence hanging in the air.This irrefutable university exists as the very epitome of donnish excellence. Future leaders of the society gather around this acropolis. This is where bright assure young minds clash and mesh to form a boulder that bequeath serve as the structural foundation of the country within the abutting years to come.However, beneath this beautiful facade lies a different picture. supportful the curtains of lies and deception is a whole different story unveiled. Behind these walls whispers a cry of injustice and a desperate plea for the destruction of a system that had long been bound by wealth and power.On the 27 of wondrous on the same year, three cars dropped off a badly cru sh body of a boy to the hospital. His name was Chris Mendez, a student in his last year of college about to graduate with a degree of macrocosm Administration and Governance. Minutes later, he was pronounced dead, hopes for a better aliveness for his family died along with him.University of the Philippines offers the best facilities for educational attainment in the country. With the country nonrecreational most of the needed expenses through subsidies, students who accumulate their knowledge there are called Scholars of the Nation.The University is famous for the outstanding graduates they produce. This is where the phrase freedom of speech comes from. Students in the UP are known for their rallies against social injustices and corruption existing in the government. in that respect is also one other thing that they are known for.University of the Philippines hosts a lot of Student Organizations. From academics, sports, common interests, they have it all, and that includes frate rnities and sororities (Arrowsmith, 2004). All student organizations has a form of Rights of Acceptance, it will be forever imbued in the social and semipolitical culture of the school. Most of these initiation rights include hazing.The 20 year one-time(a) Chris Mendez, was not the only who became the victim of hazing and other frat-related deaths and violence. Hazing, as part of the universitys tradition in acceptance had victims who suffered physically and mentally.RA 8049, also known as the Anti-Hazing states the definition of hazing as a practice in a requirement for acceptance and placing the applicant in a mortifying situation much(prenominal) as coercing him to do menial, foolish and other similar tasks or activities.Yet it does not take effect until, the neophyte suffers from bruises, injuries or even worse, death. As a proof, not one of the student organizations has or had been arrested for merely shouting at an applicant in front of many people or cast hurtful words t hat demeans the student as a person.Worse, even the establishment itself is practicing these traditional rights of acceptance. AR Santiago, the son of former Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago committed suicide afterward being turned down in his application study in the UP College of Law.The panel was reported to use cruel ways in interviewing applicants, even asking in an underhanded way of how he can cope with an insane lady for a mother (Arrowsmith, 2004).Such injustice had been occurrent and would not have been noticed if a senators son hadnt died. Up to now the law of the jungle where the strong crushes the weak occurs. It is instilled in the values of the University s organizations and even in some of the administration that these antediluvial ways are the solution for the students to be prepared for the real origination ahead, that indeed connections and power and wealth for position does exist.The Band of BrothersThe word frat is defined (Encarta, 2007) as an organization formed to enhance the social, academic, professional or personal interests of members. Its word comes from the Latin word frater meaning brother.

The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry

The Evolution of gross gross gross gross gross sales Models in the Indian Pharma diligence By AmArdeep Udeshi, engAgement mAnAger, ims ConsUlting groUp And mohit BAhri, ConsUltAnt, ims ConsUlting groUp Dear colleagues, We atomic number 18 proud to act to you the out tot of a unique initiative jointly infrataken by OPPI and IMS Consulting throng (IMSCG). As part of the OPPI commissioning on Sales Force rectitude (SFE), a decision was taken last socio-economic class to understand the everyplaceriding practices and emerging skids with respect to Sale Forces, aimed at campaign SFE across the Indian Pharma labor.As part of this study, OPPI and IMS Health undertook a survey amongst light upon elder draw awayment personnel, wherein asseverateation was captured link up to sales fury social organisations, the principle keister their set ups and the challenges portrayd therein. Fourteen companies responded to this survey. What is presented here is a brief coup doeil of the findings of this survey, deep down the context of ever-changing sales standards in the Indian pharmaceutical connection industry. Supporting this data atomic number 18 insights resultd by IMS Consulting collection based on their expertise and k todayledge of the industry and its changing dynamics a immense with inputs from disparate industry experts associated with OPPI.What this make-up attempts to do is to show typesetters case how sales impersonates are being, and exit continue to be, reinvented and redesigned across the Indian pharma grocery landscape in the years to come. We do hope you find this article and the subject as interesting as we found it to be while bringing this paper to you. Thank you, Tapan Ray Director General OPPI Ram Kalyana Country Principal, India IMS Consulting Group 2 the that ConstAnt is ChAnge itself The ever changing face of the Indian pharma industry and its ability to adapt innovatively has rein lunged the occurrence that adjustment is the only way to survive.With every passing ten-spot, a recent mercenary challenge has emerged which in-turn has provided the industry with an opportwholey to ride the waves to compass sweeter heights. An yearbook turnover of Rs 600 Bn with a CAGR in excess of 15% is a great word to the fact that cite players perk up emerged, winning over time. With time, unexampleder and innovative commercial approaches crap been take and implemented, thus demonstrating that the companies have adapted themselves to the fluidic nature of the Indian pharma market. As Fig. below indicates, following the announcement of a egg tangible social organisation in 1995, Indian players started gearing up for the crossroad clear regime. During this time, a transition from conservative sales puzzles to ag- gressive and innovative sales models was observed. Companies geared up their R&038D political campaigns to meet the intersection point patent criteria, and undertook an asse rtive expanding upon in early 2000s from a gradual incline up of portfolio and sales draw out in late 90s. So aggressive was the portfolio expansion, that the average number of sassy pocks assemble increased from well-nigh 700/year in the late 1990s to >2,500/year between 2000 and 2005.At the same time, companies grow their sales rends aggressively in attempts to reach out to the geographical corners of the country, including unpolished markets in the late 2000s. In a bid to increase receipts hike up, innovators withdrawd in co-publicity of their patented products and out-licensing. At the same time, with limited options to enlarge portfolio and near saturation in the bloom cities in India, companies started adopting forward-looking-made-madeer commercial models and sales absorb structures ( ilk task promotes, therapy experts, Key accounting system Manager structure, Contracted Sales Operations, etc. to more than efficiently target the market. common fig t ree 1 changing Sales Dynamics in the Indian Pharma Industry announcement of patent regime massive restructuring and scale up product patent implemented shrinking pipeline and rise of pharmerging markets Companies start gearing up for expansion sf and portfolio ramp up Avg new products launched/yr 650-700 started coronations in r&038d rapid adoption of subscriber line unit structure expansion to extra-urban geographies reaping of newer sales model like task twitch, therapy experts Co-promotion/licensing agreements kicked in rise of form retail vents likely to electric shock future sales models health policy govt. adopting health security measures for certain sections of society gst regime Aggresive portfolio &038 sales force expansion, >2,500 new products launched/yr gradual adoption of caper unit structure mnCs entering india and in addition launching global portfolio 1995-2000 Source IMS intelligence 2000-2005 2005-2010 matter of new stakeholders, sales phone lines likely adoption of newer sales model like channel perplexity, KAm, Cso, etc 2010 and beyond prox 3 Companies who aggressively ramped-up were open to (See Fig. below) shows that these initiatives have maintain their bottom line, thus indicating that these proved to be berried and provided healthy bottom strategies paid off. A Top-level financial assessment lines. trope 2 Profitability trends Key companies MNCs 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 40% 35% 30% Indian Companies operating dinero % 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 novartis Astra merck Abbott pfizer Aventis ranbaxy glenmark drl sun pharma CiplA % operating profit = operating profit/ operating income source www. money. rediff. comHowever, in an ever changing market environment, the drive up efficiencies, be it with streamlining operasustainability of these models in foothold of profitability tions, adapting their sales model to market realties, or impoveris hments to be carefully considered. Hence, its imperative enhancing efficacy of initiatives. for the industry to look within for the opportunities to As an industry decision maker says, We moved from a Sales and market structure to a Business Unit structure to bring more accountability, divvy up evolving contrast adopts and use equity of organization for grasp to the middle of the accessible pyramid.We have as well as created a horizontal strategical excellence police squad across these BUs for process evaluation. some other industry executive mentioned that adopting specialized theatre forces to promote super- intensity products, using a traditional field In a survey jointly undertaken by IMSCG and OPPI force to promote other less specialized products, and a CSO amongst jumper lead companies related to sales practices (Contracted Sales Operations) model for rural geographies and models, it was observed that nearly 80% responded has worked well for them.Thus, the indust ry has seen an to having changed their sales model at least at once in the adoption of multiple kinds of sales forces an improvelast 5 years. Nearly 80% of the companies contacted ment over having a traditional sales force only model. by IMS have already espouse multiple business unit models, with or without additional particular(prenominal) task forces While most of the companies have adopted this Business with the number of business units ranging from 2 to Unit structure, a fewer pushed further ahead by adopting newer innovative promotional models like affected role activa10, depending on portfolio width. ion teams, therapy specialists, or creating long-suffering awareness through mass media. live sAles models The sales force continues to be the biggest promotional investment for pharma players. Industry has evolved around do most use of this resource and has adopted innovative commercial models, from sales and marketing structure to business unit structure to specialize d task forces, as per their fates often proactively adapting actual sales models to market realities 4 As seen in Fig. below, while identify determinants of the and target doctor specialism, a few companies have also sales force structure are therapy counmerchandising, portfolio width, organizeed their models around geographies and profitability. Figure 3 therapy pore portfolio (number of brands) specialty focus nature of product (otC/infirmary based) geography focus stage in lifecycle of the portfolio mix of different profibility brands realignment of brands due to union/acquisition 0 2 4 5. 5 6 8 7. 2 6. 9 6. 9 6. 7 9. 2 8. 9 8. 7 10A few of the models seen in the pharma industry (see Fig. 4 below) are therApy charge promotion Generally seen where a portfolio is specialized, therapy focused, and scripts are driven through chosen few doctors generally in chronic divide. ChAnnel mAnAgement broadly speaking in OTC /OTX business mature products with wider portfolio wid th. hospitAl tAsK draw in Exclusively to manage hospital business. speCiAlty driven sAles model Applicable in scenarios where portfolio is built around 2 or 3 specialties. tAsK forCe Generally adopted for niche products in urban areas, such as fertility clinics or for new launches where the focus is on select realise rung physicians only. oUt-soUrCed sAles forCe Generally used for expansion in extra-urban geographies or with companies for whom medico-marketing is secondary (such as OTC or Consumer Healthcare companies). Figure 4 Newer Sales Force Models adopted task-force institutional sales force Channel sales multiple BU sales force therapy focus specialty focus Acute vs chronic focus geography focus others urban GeographyUrban + lower township classes therapy experts rural superspecialty focus/ niche hospital focus distributor sales force otC rural sales force (owned / outsourced) multispecialty broad portfolio Portfolio non-exhaustive indicative overview of indian pharma sa les models 5 opposite companies have adopted different strategies, but the samara reason cited for adapting these changes ashes the same to provide better guest focus and targeting, enhance efficiencies, urge expansion to newer business areas ( two therapies and geographies), and increase accountability of the resources.One of the executives surveyed say, We created multiple structures to expand coverage to new markets and therapy areas in line with growth expectation, support new launches, and fortify key markets &038 institutional sales. For specialty products driven companies, task forces account for nearly 15% of the total sales force. Key determinants of adapting these models are therapy focus, width of product portfolio and target doctor specialties.Interestingly, responses of those companies having mature products tending to an OTX profile suggest that channel instruction has already made inroads into pharma sales, accounting for nearly 20% of sales forces, second on ly to traditional sales force. Geography also emerges as one of the key determinants of sales model adoption, which shows that companies are also looking at realigning their sales model around the varied expect of diverse geographies. An industry executive contacted by OPPI-IMS said A new BU was created in our company to tap the opportunity in the lower town classes.The BU contribution to the general business is close to 20%. Another executive said, Emerging and untapped business in the Class 3 or 4 towns and rural firmament allow trespass the future selling model, thus Figure 5 Key profits and challenges with various sales structures acknowledging the serious-mindedness around rural consumers. MNCs like Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer are actively expanding to ground level IV cities and below, creating profitable business models around rural geographies. Extra-urban geographies make different sales models in addition to a different strategy in toll of portfolio, distrib ution, pricing and promotion.It has also been observed that umpteen companies have adopted a multi-pronged commercial model to target specific needs of the various guest sets. One of the industry executives said, We adopted multiple strategies, like divisionalization in different therapy segment to bring better focus on field implementation, reality of channel management to manage late life cycle brands, launch of an extra urban division to increase reach, and launch of super specialty division like Derma &038 Cardio. Previous studies from IMSCG suggest that this is not an unaffectionate case, but is now a common practice followed by both Indian and MNC players. No one model fits all. As seen in Fig. 5 below, different models have their share of benefits and challenges innovative sales structures increase customer focus, but with additional investment. Hence, one needs to study financial feasibleness of a adopting a new commercial model. While a few companies have started to re assess their selling model, many players still rely on traditional promotional take, where doctor coverage, war cry frequence, and working ays still coiffure the KPIs for the sales force. Benefits Account management Channel management hospital management task force structure Cso proud client focus Customer management Wider reach and frecuency helpful in managing large portfolio high focus on potential hospitals high productivity for speciality business high impact and productivity service to focus customers geographically better reach flexibility in operation &038 reduces managerial cost Challenges high investment delay in payments lower margins resource constraint for the wider reach charge war formulary listing for new products scattered geography embody of operation Compliance and quality of operations tough to coordinate and align Cso to parent company 6 A closer look at trustworthy models show that these models, though they would have provided an edge to the players, have generally focused around single stakeholder, primarily doctors. A study by IMSCG shows that decision making power of other stakeholders, including patients, hospitals, payers, and insurance policy companies, has Figure 6 een on a steady rise in recent years. rise enamour of new stakeholders in deciding treatment pathway result force the market players to look at newer touch points with new stakeholders and therefrom the promotional channels. KPIs for the sales team need to evolve to entangle these new key stakeholders. International Scenario Media advance Influential Influential Indian Scenario Doctors Media Promotion Doctors diligent Groups Payors Consumers Distribution channels Distribution channels Existing Consumers indemnity Patient Groups New Weak Existing NewMoreover, there are primaeval differences in stakeholder exploitation between Western and Indian markets, which to an extent explains the difference between commercial models in the West and in India. While doctors are still the center of healthcare in India, the West has seen an emergence of consumers, payers, toffee-nosed insurance and patient groups as strong stakeholders in healthcare management. With Westernization of the Indian healthcare market, newer stakeholders are likely to gain more importance, and thus go out be the need for newer ship canal and means of targeting them.Leading MNCs like Sanofi-Aventis, Roche, Lilly, MSD, and GSK have already started engaging newer stakeholders (patients) to maintain their leadership in the market. Awareness campaigns, as adopted by MSD for Gardasil or by GSK for its vaccine portfolio or by Sanofi-Aventis for its top end brands have helped route the patients to their products. Weak 7 emerging trends in the heAlthCAre system OPPI-IMSCG has identified six key trends in healthcare which are likely to influence the way pharma companies adopt their sales models in the close decade.These trends pass on see emergence of n ew stakeholders and promotional channels, that no company whitethorn afford to ignore, impacting future commercial models. These key trends are 1. pAtients inCreAsingly BeComing strong stAKeholders Increasing education, awareness, and income have prompted patients to actively seek a healthy life-style. Patients have emerged as stronger stakeholders in the overall treatment chain, commanding what they want, at the price they want, where they want and by whom. ask for preventive treatment, rather than curative, is increasingly becoming prominent amongst patients.Vaccination is a case in study, where companies like GSK and MSD have targeted primarily the end-user to ramp up patient acquisition. Increasing use of health check-up packages, awareness creation through media promotion, and political sympathies initiatives in rural healthcare impart only lead to further strengthening of patients as key stakeholders in the healthcare system. Engages patients by providing service at their home for products like Arava and Actonel engages patients by providing serve broadcast is called as SPARSH Typical is called as spArsh program operate include charge Diagnostic tests t their home for products like Arava Typical services include and Actonel direction Delivery of starter kits characteristic Insurance Medicalservices include Exercising equipments Counseling Physiotherapy sessions delivery starter kits Diagnostic Tests health check insurance Personalized visit exercising equipments Emergency help typical services include call center Query handling via Counseling diagnostic tests Patient doesnt has to pay anything Query handling via call center extra patient doesnt has to pay anything extra Doctors are repport about the status of the diagnostic tests patients personalized visit physiotherapy sessions doesnt has to Patient emergency help pay anything extra doctors are account about the status of the patients patient doesnt has to pay a nything extra MNCs have been actively engaging customers by providing disease management services to retail patients pickings their products. Counseling, physiotherapy sessions, and diagnostic tests are all services being provided to patients. Patient reach programs lead require different set ups and servicing teams with specific skill sets.A leading MNC vaccine player reaches out to their patients through an SMS monitor service. An industry executive mentioned use of call centers for chronic disease management as a possibility. Thus, implementation of patient engagement programs ordain require adoption of different sales and service models, and hence newer capabilities by market players 2. emergenCe of upstart heAlthCAre delivery ChAnnels The hospital segment is strongly emerging in the Indian healthcare sector. Private and embodied hospitals have grown at a 15-20% on YOY basis, and the trend is judge to continue for the next 5 years as well.Penetration in Tier II cities and m edical tourism leave further boost growth of corporate hospitals. The upcoming increase in number of corporate hospitals will result in a structure where players will not only require a hospital sales force, but also the key account managers to handle relationships with wider set of stakeholders like purchase managers, administrative staff, and nursing staff. some of the companies surveyed by IMS either already have a hospital division, or are planning to have one in next 2-3 years. 8 3.UptAKe of generiCs By political science hospitAl seCtor Mandated prescribing of generics by government hospitals is expected to strongly impact the sales of branded drugs in the long run. Mandated generics prescription in the West has already led to emergence of new sales model aimed at generics promotion. Though IMSCG does not see this trend impacting India much in next 5 years, over next decade or so it will be interesting to see what new commercial models pharma players adopt. Pharma companies may also need to engage aggressively with government bodies like pricing authorities, or approval committees. . increment otC seCtor Use of media in driving brand promotion and arrive at out to masses has opened up a new avenue for Pharma players to grow beyond traditional channels. Revital, Gelusil, Liv 52, Volini, No Marks, Crocin are the classic case studies, where pharma players expanded their reach through newer promotional channels like media promotion or in-store branding. Because OTC implies reaching out to patients and consumers without doctor intervention, it necessitates focusing attention on pharmacies directly, developing new distribution models, pricing and consumer targeting.Healthcare FMCG companies like GSKCH, Nestle and Britannia have a sanctified medical detailing field force conflict doctors and nutritionists to promote their brand too. Emergence of OTC is further expected to catch-up in next 5-10 years, with many more companies eyeing to acquire a broader pa tient base through multi-channel marketing. Hence, pharmacos need to adopt a different model for targeting customers 5. orgAnized retAil apothecarys shop ChAins Increasing spread of organized pharmacy handcuffs like Apollo, Guardian and 98. 4, will make pharma players speculate about managing the evolution power of newer distribution channels.According to industry estimates, organized retail pharmacy bondage already account for nearly 5% of pharma sales in India, and their share is increasing year on year. These chains cannot be handle any longer. Over a period of time, the role of organized players may evolve from mere distribution of drugs to managing patients health. Pharma companies may need to think about how to engage with these chains to deliver more and more services to their patients. With increasing share of sales, the demand for further discounting by these chains is not far away.Not only will these pharmacies demand price discounting, they will impact the way the s upply chain is currently structured. With media promotion driving the customer pull, merchandising will take a bigger role in overall sales promotion at these pharmacies. Thus, the association between pharmacos and these chains needs to grow in a manner that both parties benefit from the inter-play. 6. rise of heAlth insUrAnCe Increasing penetration of health insurance will increase power of insurance companies to decide inclusion or exclusion of drugs in re-imbursement list.It is expected that the total population covered under health insurance will increase from 2. 3% in 2007 to 20% by 2015. The possibile emergence of a drug re-imbursement list by Indian insurance companies cannot be ruled out, which may eventually lead to dictating the business terms by insurance companies to pharma players. Companies like ICICI Lombard are now eyeing to launch disease specific insurance covering cost of medications as well. One such policy, called Diabetes Care, is already in the market. 9Includ ing insurance companies as a key stakeholder in ers, while another mentioned Sales force will have to Pharma commercial model products will increasingly manage end customer connect besides marketing brands become crucial. to doctors. Another executive feels patients will gain more importance in future, saying, Most companies will Each of the above trends will impact the pharma sales have focused approach and work towards better customer model in their own way, paving the way for new com- service leading to patient benefit. OPPI-IMSCG feels mercial models in the pharmaceutical industry. Industry that as the momentum of evolution of these trends gather also seems to acknowledge these trends as one industry pace, so will the evolution of pharma commercial models executive stated, Sales structures will evolve to manage in the next decade. With these changes, the industry has new channels like corporate hospitals or modern format witnessed an emergence of the archetype of SFE Sales ret ail. Government policies, payers and healthcare pro- Force Excellence. iders will influence the sales models of pharma play- are seriously looking to have a commit team for rural markets. Each of these models clearly points towards targeted approach to new stakeholders, though its too early to predict the nuances of each of the models. The role of active resources will also evolve from Ismycurrentsalesmodelsustainableinthefuture? mere touch points with customers to engaging concluding Ismycurrentsalesmodeloptimalforfuturemarket consumers and managing the health of the patients. cenario? One industry executive points out, Pharma sales HowshouldIevolveandadapttothesechanges? structure will slowly move towards a more scientific communication between the sales force and the doctor. This Answers are not easy to come by, but a few compa- would require highly trained MRs with sincere ability nies will lead the way. According to the OPPI-IMSCG to engage doctors more effectively. study , key players in the industry believe that adaptation of current sales model will be a must for survival.This question will be even more pertinent going forWith the emergence of innovative sales models like ward especially keeping in mind how hard it is getkey account management, hospital task force, channel ting to find good talent in the market and how to make management, therapy specialist, and media promotion, existing talent more effective and productive through it is clear where sales models are heading. Companies skill-set enhancement. AdApting neW CommerCiAl models Emerging trends in healthcare delivery will force the pharma players to re-think about their go-to-market strategy.Some key questions to ask are Figure 7 yesterday sales representative roles fairly standardized reach and frequency paradigm share of voice sf main promotional channel molecular(a) targeting individual incentives technology used by innovators sfe function infrequent experiential decision making toda y/tomorrow different roles (KAm, relationships rep, sample dropper and power rep) relationship paradigm share of relationship mC2 = multi-client/multi-channel Atomistic targeting team incentives effective use of technology sfe function contributing to roi evidence-based decision making 0 The OPPI-IMSCG study predicts the gradual shift of the traditional approach of meeting the customer, to future approach of relationship building and engaging with customers. Much will change. Managing the patients together is perceived to be the key to success. Delinking the role of sales force from stockist management will help sales teams to focus exclusively on customers. Engaging multiple stakeholders through multi-channel promotion and touch-points will be the crucial.Segmenting the customers, from current Potential-Support Model to more evolved models like Behavioral Segmentation will provide the cutting edge to the players. e-detailing, e-seminars, e-doctor meetings, and online awareness camp aigns will drive the patient watercourse to the healthcare system. Thus, KPIs for the sales forces may evolve as well. ing in-depth analytics so as to lead to scientific decision making from coordinating sales force activities to managing ROI through informed decision making with an end objective of up(p) efficiencies of existing systems.As one executive said, There will be a concerted focus on SFE. Analytics will take over an great role in deciding sales force size and predicting sales forecast. Measures of success will shift from PRPM model to carry-over models, thus, each incremental sales rep being added to sales force will have its own justification. With eroding product differentiation the sales and marketing capabilities will be the key differentiator. The Indian pharma industry will need to develop sales force competency and elements of SFE will take the driving seat.The reward systems will incorporate balance wheel of sales achievement Industry experts also predict tha t evolving and harvesting with equal emphasis in bm parameters. newer touch points with patients will be a key to success. Study of patient flows in healthcare is likely to gain Considering that the largest resource allocation in comimportance. Not only will patient flow study impact the panies takes place on sales teams, it becomes important sales model, it will also impact the portfolio choice for the that SFE as a function be evaluated ore seriously. In players. An industry executive pointed out,Key Account order to institutionalize the redress of SFE, companies Management will have increasing importance for MNCs will need to build capabilities for an enterprise-wide SFE with pipeline of patented products and strategic partner- setup which will be actively engaged in enabling investing initiative will also impact sales models. ments into innovative and hybrid sales models or demand generation models.To do this successfully and build a within the last 5 to 6 years, companies h ave also created better business case for the same, companies will need a dedicated SFE function, with the purpose of improv- to closely examine how investments are channelized into ing the productivity of the sales forces. The role of SFE is each of the various initiatives balancing financial rigour expected to evolve strongly over the next 5 years, involv- with overall implementability. Figure 8 Smaller field forces removal of mirrored field forces Right sizing each rep seeing 30-40 doctors more oftenAccount based selling managing groups of prescribers based on % effort and not reach &038 frequency Key Account Mgt relationship rep can call in specialized personnel as compulsory Prescriber Knowledge opportunity Accessibility responsiveness the sales model of immediately Organizational Models therapy focused team based outsourcing specialist Key Account mgt. new bonus and compensation models patient flow local guidelines/Bodies influence to diagnose &038 prescribe the sales model of The Future Portfolio Treatment Pathways &038 InfluenceMNCs are expected to lead the change and that trend of micro-targeting has already begun. Companies like MSD, Sanofi-Aventis, and Roche have shown that value, and not cost, drives the healthcare choice. Januvia, (though much lesser than international price) is priced much higher(prenominal) and entered recently in the market, has already clocked sales of >Rs 100 crs. Thus, its well said by a pharma executive The way of marketing differentiate products, depending on their life cycle stage, will be of utmost importance.Newer ways of promotion too will have to be considered. 11 coda Declining effectiveness of current sales models will only lead to emergence of newer approaches in pharma selling. Though the approaches will vary vastly from company to company, the trend has already started. Pharmaceutical players should seriously start evaluating their options and envisage how their sales models should evolve in the nex t 10 years to maintain their combative edge. Where doesthefuturelie? IsKAMthesolution,orisittheCSO that will emerge?Willchannelmanagementgainmost importance? Towhatextentshouldmarketcoveragebe increased? How would one need to balance this with costeffectiveness? Theanswerswillemergeonlywiththe time, but with market maturing, patients actively seeking healthcare, and newer stakeholders emerging, another round of adaptation in pharma sales model is inevitable. No single business model may suffice in future. The future will belong to to hybrid business models, with different structures co-existing together.We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following OPPI SFE Committee Members Mr. Rajan Tejuja, Chairman, OPPI SFE Committee and President &038 Executive Director, Johnson &038 Johnson Ltd. Mr. Vinay Gokhale, frailty Chairman, OPPI SFE Committee and Sales Training &038 ontogenesis Manager, Abbott India Ltd. Mr. Sekar Sabapathy, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Senior Di rector Cardiology &038 Hospital BU, Aventis Pharma Ltd. (Group Sanofi Aventis). Mr. Biplab Chatterjee, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Vice President Sales, Solvay Pharma India Ltd.Mr. Partha Ghosh, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Director, Commercial, Pfizer Ltd. Mr. Vivek Padgaonkar, Director, OPPI. ABoUt ims ConsUlting groUp inflUenCing the fUtUre of globose heAlth IMS Consulting Group (IMSCG) is the pre-eminent global life sciences consultancy. Distinguished by our sector and client focus, international reach, world-class methodologies and unrivaled talent, we provide clients with Powerful Insights that inform Smarter Decisions. Within IMSCG, we have a bold vision To Influence the Future of Global HealthWho We Are 500+specialistbest-in-classconsultants AdvisingLifeScienceleadersoncriticalbusinessissueswithsingularfocus Cadreofhealth/pharma-relatedbackgroundsandadvanceddegrees Where We Are Combiningglobalreachwithlocalmarketstrength KeyhubsinLondon,NewYork,ShanghaiandTokyo Loca lexpertsonthegroundinpharmergingmarkets-China,Brazil, India, Russia, Turkey, and more hoW We arouse the differenCe Maximizingproduct&038portfoliovalueineveryphaseofthe pharma lifecycle Deeptherapy-areaandindustryexpertise Passionforlifesciencesandcommitmenttoclients ms ConsUlting groUp IMS HEALTH INFORMATION &038 CONSULTING serve INDIA PVT. LTD. ICC Chambers, 4th Floor, Saki-Vihar Road, Powai, Mumbai 400 072 India www. imsconsultinggroup. com 12

The Symbol of the Mockingbird Lies at the Heart of Harper Lee’s Novel to Kill a Mockingbird. Discuss.

Mockingbirds be not only symbols of innocence they are also symbols of happiness and to kill them is evil. This concept, the senseless persecution of an stark individual, is key to harpist Lees novel. fowl Radley and gobbler Robinson are both jeerer figures, loose yet condemned through the prejudices of society. The symbol of the mockingbird, with its associated ideas of a fragile, albeit beautiful innocence appears when genus Atticus tells Jem and observation tower they may shoot all the bluejays they want, but remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird.This is the first time Sc extinct has ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to do something. The full significance of this remark is explained to Scout by Miss Maudie as she explains that mockingbirds do nothing but sing their hearts out for us, making music for the enjoyment of everyone in Maycomb. They represent a compositors case of gentle and harmless creature. Throughout the text, Lee reiterates that to kill a mockingbird would be wicked and spiteful, a senseless and pointless act of destruction. snigger Radley symbolises a beautiful, but tortured mockingbird that is misunderstood and ostracised by both his family and the wider community.He is unplowed as a prisoner in his own home, kept in confinement by his god-fearing Baptist family. Despite this treatment tinkers dam remains gentle and harmless. However, people tell stories about how he take squirrels and cats and poisons the pecan nuts in the school yard. To the community Boo is a malevolent phantom. Gradually Scout and Jem begin to see things from Boos perspective. manage the mockingbird Boo gives pleasure and comfort for example, the gifts in the tree, the blanket rigid around their shoulders as they watch Miss Maudies home go up in flames.Finally, he saves Scout and Jems lives. In turn, Scout realises to drag Boo into the limelight would be like shootin a mockingbird and a brute(a) betrayal of all the inherent goodness Boo symbolises a s a mockingbird. The mockingbird symbol also involves the broader themes of justice and how it can destroy an innocent person. Tom Robinson is an honest and principled black man who is accused of raping a white girl, Mayella Ewell. He explains he was only in the Ewells house to facilitate her however, he condemns himself in the eyes of the jury when he says he felt up sorry for her.This would be seen as the lowest class of citizen showing superiority towards a class above. The white communitys fear of racial disturbance and their risk about their own position in society meant that Tom Robinson was be guilty. The prosecutor responds with feigned indignity You felt sorry for her you felt sorry for her? harpist Lee uses rapid dialogue in the courtroom scene to stress the way the prosecutor attacks Tom, like an attack on an innocent mockingbird. Harper Lee exposes not just the prejudices of Maycomb but the ugly nature of much(prenominal) beliefs in society as a whole.Justice is betrayed when the jury ignore the test and destroy the mockingbird figure of Tom Robinson. It is evident that both characters charter mockingbird traits. They both show kindness Boo to the children, Tom to Mayella. They are both innocent Boo of the evil persona with which he is associated and Tom of the crime of rape. Both are victims of prejudice. The significance of the mockingbird motif broadens out to contain many layers of meaning and is kept alive through the level continually reminding the reader of the theme of prejudice with which it is associated.

Ageism: Is it acceptable in today’s society?

Research would Indicate that we pigeonhole cured people because we fear old get on. We fear the loss of visible and mental ability, of attractiveness, learning power, status, and independence. We seek to distance ourselves from what we worry might be our own future when we ar older and so we create what we fear. This is in particular true for women. Our timeist golf club back end greatly effect and impact negatively on a womans self- perception as sort outs about age is innate In us during youth and further enforced by society and media.This Is do through magazine ads, billboards, television. Commercials, and movies, newspapers and videos. Women are the predominant victims of age favouritism and are burdened with the negative effects. It is very(prenominal) common that as women age they should try to retain a youthful appearance. The biggest negative impact that women acquire with is a negative body image. Body image is important to a womans self-concept and provides a basis for her own Identity, for her ability to perform different activities, and for the goals she as set her for herself (Unit 2, pig. 37). According to Tunable, et al. (pig. 743) women In our society cover up to be value for their sexual attractiveness and their physical appearance which they define as macrocosm crucial for attracting and maintaining a relationship with a male partner. A bet on example of how an ageist society can negatively impact a womens self-perception is from the oblige Ageing as a Feminist Issue by red Russell stating that old women face a host of problems which include greater poverty, higher(prenominal) rates of al onenessness, Institutionalizing, loneliness, equidistant In work and remarriage, Ill health and met every(prenominal)ization (Unit 1, pig. ). still comparing different statistics on Stats Canada will aim you that men in the main do well and better in maturation. The lack of research that has been done on ageing women compared to ageing men is incomparable. at that placefore to know how surgical these statistics really are is unknown considering that the fastest growing population is women and this is predicted to continue over the next many years. Unfortunately our society today supports the ageist stereotype and does non try to reflect upon any hangers to the myths that are out In society today.For example, the media continues to flash very young, beautiful women on TV and commercials promoting note creams, booth and fillers and they will use anyone over 60 when promoting medications or assay to sell retirement homes or medical devices depicting them as though they all need assistance. The truth is that societys view of old age has not kept up with the reality of older Canadians health or the detail that while many people over the age of 65 find out some physical and mental limitations, they learn to live tit them and school principal happy and productive lives (Unit 2, pig. 7). Society has the tendency to lump all seniors into one demographic group whereas in fact, the elderly are a very diverse group. As people age they tend to get more than different from one another due to the different lifetime milestones (Unit 2, pig. 28). some other example of a myth in todays society that I can relate to myself in my field of work is the myth that intelligence declines with age. Where I work doctors will perform MUSE and MOCHA intelligence with older people did have lower scores when compared to younger people, the elderly were not exposed to such tests before.Once the elderly had some training in these types of tests their scores improved and some even better than their counterparts. Lastly, my favorite example is Centenarians. There are approximately three thousand people in Canada who are 100 years old or older. The myth here that this challenges is that all older people are sick and frail. This group of people show remarkable good health and many are actually healthier then their yo unger generation in the asss or asss. Therefore in conclusion, living in a society in this day and age where ageism still outlasts does not make sense.There is so much tuition out there and help available for other stereotypes and isms such as sexism and racism that in todays world with the information that we have, ageism should never exist and it should more widely discussed. Society should be more accepting of the ageing self and embrace it rather than trying to reverse it. Plenty of cash and time and effort are wasted on trying to switch over such a natural process hat it ruins peoples perceptions and acceptance of others.

Compare and Contrast Essay- Speak

These themes are very prevalent with the man in non gesture But Drowning by Steve Smith and with Melinda from Speak by Laurie Hales Anderson. In the wise Speak, the mall character, Melinda Sordid has many a nonher(prenominal) tough problems to face. Sometimes, she chooses not to take on for help, only merely hang back and let It pass her by. after a while, her problems almost swallow her whole. She gets the help she needs when she acts well comme il faut to deserve it again. However, in non Waving But Drowning, the man did not treat people very well, did not deserve help, and did not et it.He woolly his battle against the world and took his own life. In both cases, the choices you make subside whether or not you get the help that you need. The man from Not Waving But Drowning, whom will be called George for the time creation, and Melinda Cordons seem to have many things In common. But there are some key differences amidst them. For one, Melinda lives through her pain. By the end of her story, she has gotten help and is well on the excursion of rediscovering herself, however, George was not so lucky.George was known for messing with people and being a prankster. redden though this couldve been a defense mechanism, George may have brought his tragic termination or pain on himself. Whether or not George actually died or he Just had extreme depression and pain In his ticker from the world is not clear, and he clearly Is not suitable to deal with the amount of pain that he Is dealing with. A study(ip) difference between Melinda and George would be that one lived through their painful ordeal and one did not. Another major difference between Melinda and George would be suicide.By the ay that Not Waving But Drowning implies that it was too cold for his heart to handle, George sounds dead. The coif of death being the fact that his heart couldnt handle the cold, but not literally. This means that he couldnt take the pain, and ended his own life. Meli nda, however, only do one attempt at cutting her wrists with paperclips. In fact, after that being her all time low, she picked herself back up and found her own talent in her flaws. The bailiwick of suicide is another difference that Melinda and George have.There is, however, one major similarity that George and Melinda have. Nobody saw his or her cries for help. For George, Nobody heard him, but still he lay a Joke because he love larking or messing around. Melanins cries for help were written off as well, such as when she cried on Christmas, her sudden drop in social skills, grades, and an effort at life. They are clearly cries for help when it is realized that she prospicients for a friend, no matter how much she pushes people away. Melinda and George Just want some help but nobody recognizes it.The help you get depends on how you treat others and whether or not you deserve it. George and Melinda treat people in certain ways. George treats everything like a Joke, therefore hi s cries for help and pain is written off as a Joke. Melinda treats people as awfully as she feels inside. One mistake do her from a normal carefree girl to who she is in most of the novel Speak. Her mistake does not make her unworthy of help, so she gets it. No matters how long it takes, better late than never, help with come to those who deserve it.

How Far Has the Importance of Nelson Mandela in the Ending?

How distant has the wideness of Nelson Mandela in the ending of apartheid been exaggerated? It fuel be argued that the importance of Nelson Mandela in the ending of apartheid has been greatly exaggerated. Apartheid ended due to a confederacy of long term and short term events. The ANC represented the main resister of apartheid while protests and rebellions caught the tutelage of the world, international sanctions put pressure on the entropy African g everywherenment and both(prenominal)thing had to be done before their economy exclusively fell apart.De Klerk shocked the country when he took the first dance step towards abolishing apartheid although, the coruscation of light and face of rebellion, Mandela, provided the inspiration to make the end of apartheid possible. Nelson Mandelas component and dedication to to the south Africas struggle in achieving freedom and cope with rights for every atomic number 16 African led to his everydayity and respect in southbound A frica. In the 1950s, Mandela began working on ending the apartheid. In 1964, he was see to ited and gaol for trying to overthrow the government, nonwithstanding continued his fight even from his prison house cell.Nelson Mandela presented the people of South Africa with a leader in their struggle, providing the inspiration need for a drastic change. He became a symbol of hope and inspiration. He planted the idea in the people that in that location was manything they could do about(predicate) their situation. Nelson Mandelas role in bringing Apartheid to an end was very important, however, there were many some other agentive roles that contri onlyed to the ending of Apartheid. Firstly, the African National Congress, in any case cognise as the ANC, was a study(ip) factor in ending Apartheid. t was founded in response to the injustice against black south africans at the turn of the government then in queen. By 1919 the anc was leading a safari against passes that black p eople were forced to carry, but then the anc became dormant in the mid-1920s . at this beat black people were also represented by the ICU and the previously vacuous-only communist party, but neither contend a major part in the ending of apartheid. in 1930s J. T Gumede (president of the ANC) was voted out of power and this led to the ANC becoming largely ineffectual and inactive.Although after organism remodeled as a plurality movement in the forties the ANC responded militarily to attacks on the rights of black South Africans, as well as calling for strikes, boycotts, and defiance. The ANC represented the main opposition to the government during apartheid and therefore they played a major role in resolving the conflict by means of participating in the peacemaking and peace-building processes. Infact by the current-made 1980s the ANC became the most popular political movement although it can be argued that it was a result on Mandelas influence.Protests were extremely importa nt in ending Apartheid and believed to be more than influential than Mandela. Protests against pass laws were quite common but the Sharpville massacre is what caught the attention of the world. The Sharpville massacre was one of the worst civilian massacres is south African history. It was inform in the Chronicle of the 20th century that 56 Africans died and 162 were injured when practice of law opened fire in the black township of Sharpville. This cannot be opinion of as completely completed as it was published in a newspaper.The government was in control of the newspapers and may adopt been altered to take in the impression it was not as bad as it seems. Whats more, a white reporter, Joanmarie Fubbs express I saw a policeman winning his rifle-butt to several women who were trying to retrieve bodies. They werent shot down but they were rifle butted and kicked and booted This could be thought of as more accurate as it was not published in government controlled newspapers, more so that it came from a white reporter. It could be argued that a black person could gravel tried to distort the event even further.There were many peaceful protests but the sharpville massacre sticks out because of the extreme violence. Violence played a major part in the end of apartheid. More-so than the protests because of the attention it brought to the situation of black South Africans. There was considerable labour unrest and strikes were common. There were also perfunctory bomb attacks. On the 21st march, in Langa, Cape town. a mass march to langa police station was organised. The plan was to surrender themselves guilty of not carrying their passes, and as there were so many of them the police could not arrest them all.At this succession an identical plan was created in sharpville and turned into what would be cognize as the sharpville massacre. Due to the event in sharpville the march was called off and a ban was placed on gatherings. However later that day protesto rs pull together again. The police ordered the protesters to disperse and baton charged them and the protestors retaliated with stones. Langa was very strive that night as angry protestors barricaded the streets and looted policemens homes. The finale toll by the end of the day in Langa was three, shot and killed by white policemen.The sharpville massacre and the langa shootings had a great impact on apartheid, the detriment done was costly and the government had become ungovernable. Violence caused the protests to be a major factor in the end of apartheid because it was so costly. The South African government was already in bad shape and could not fill with the ungovernable public. Also the violence caught the attention of international relations, and frankly, they were appalled. Another factor believed to be more influential than Mandela would be the international pressure. This was a major cause mainly because of the sanctions.The embodied rejection of White domination in So uth Africa, in the form of protests, strikes and demonstrations caused a decade of uncontrolable mass action in resistance to the imposition of even harsher forms of segregation and oppression. People all over the world were shocked to see the violence in events deal the Sharpeville and Langa shootings. They also saw the events occurring between the South African government and extremist groups like the ANC. Internal opposition to Apartheid had grown strongly and many areas of South African cities, inhabited by black South Africans, had become ungovernable.In 1962 the UN General company requested that its member sever their political, fiscal and transportion ties with south africa. In 1968, it proposed ending all cultural, educational and sporting connections also. After much(prenominal) debate, by the late 1980s the United States, the United Kingdom, and 23 other nations had passed laws that placed various(a) trade sanctions on South Africa and a significant amount of hostile investment had withdrawn from South Africa. After the adoption of sanctions, South Africa experient severe economic difficulty. The government was falling apart and without support from other countries it wouldnt recover.It was forced to abolish apartheid. Although without the violence other countries wouldnt have been so appalled that they felt they had to step in. De Klerk played a of import part in the anti-apartheid movement as he was president and had the power to end apartheid whilst Mandela didnt. Overall, making the end of Apartheid a joint combination of some(prenominal) FW de Klerks efforts in the negotiations between the National party, although more so, Mandelas and the ANCs progress and constant dedication which helped to bring about the end of nonage rule.At the time, this move by the government was quite unexpected, but in retrospect, an inevitability. The bloom minister of South Africa in 1989 was PW. Botha, however after having a stroke, and being forced into bit ter resignation, was replaced by FW de Klerk. De Klerk was commonly thought to be mercenary and agree with segregation but his first speech on second February 1990 announced plans to legalise the ANC, PAC and SACP and also that political prisoners, including Mandela, would be released.He said he wanted to work with political groups to form a new constitution for South Africa. Although De Klerks decision was a great step forward for blacks, there were many possible reasons for his drastic change in government. A journalist in Cape Town at the time wondered if De Klerk fully realised what he was doing. It is possible that De Klerk believed that there could be some clever power sharing system that allowed nationalists to keep hold of some of their power.Furthermore the advice he was receiving from economists was grim, is he did not do something the situation would get much worse and as a deeply religious man it can be argued that De Klerk believed God had chosen him to lead his party in a new direction. In conclusion it can be argued that Mandelas division to the ending of apartheid is greatly exaggerated. The ANC was an organisation black people could support, it gave them hope for the coming(prenominal) and reminded them they could have a life without oppression and segregation.Not only did the ANC organise protests, it acted as the fuel for others to continue to protest and object. The protests were made largely effective by the governments resort to violence, which caught the attention of the world. International pressure played a overcritical role due to the economic sanctions they imposed on South Africa. The go along violence in South Africa caused disinvestment as the atmosphere was no chronic conductive for business thus withdrawal of foreign investors.President de Klerk was instrumental in starting negotiations for change to majority rule, starting with a shared leaders between Mr Mandela and President de Klerk. The collapse of the Communist Socia list Soviet res publica also contributed. The American government withdrew military aid to the South African government as the African resistance was no longer perceive as Communist inspired. Although the influence of the Father Figure, Nelson Mandela can never go unmentioned. His very existence inspired all those who were fighting for the end of Apartheid white and blacks side by side.Mandela was, though, probably more important than the ANC and other organisations. On the whole Mandelas work largely contributed to the end of Apartheid yet he was not the most important factor. Overall, all of these factors fostered South African ideas against apartheid and subsequently started them to look for their own freedom. If these events did not happen in the same time frame, the same result may not have occurred. But, the coincidence of for each one of these individual factors led to the cumulative effect of an end to apartheid.

Identify the regulations and requirements relevant Essay

Learning Outcome 1 gain the principles and practices of assessment 1.4 Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to the assessment in feature body politic of practice Our policies for management of assessment evidence eg portfolios, assessment records, observation records, personal evidence, learner and witness statements management of assessment records, ar all in accordance with the Data Protection Act (2003). We use the Acts mandatory guidelines to help us protect the personal data we kibosh and/ or process. All work and culture is touch fairly and de jure and obtained and used yet for specified and lawful purposes. It is made clear to the students that we only keep adequate, relevant and not excessive education so as to keep accurate information that provides an up to date record that we do not keep for longer than necessary. All assessment information is processed in accordance with the individuals rights and kept secure with the admin police squad who, all the while, provide learners with the opportunity to request to see the information populace authorities hold about them in line with the Freedom of information act (2000)Our storage and retrieval of information is password protected when online/ digital, and on a lower floor lock and key when physical. The confidentiality of the data is paramount and our use of technology to dispense information with relevant parties eg learners, other assessors, employer, colleagues, organisation must abide by our protocol before it is considered. The college follows regulations covering sharing of assessment/ personal information following Ofquals lead as we protect the interests of learners and promoting public assurance in the national qualifications system (Ofqual, 2008, p3) through our thorough and rigorous advent to safeguarding information.By following these procedures the college follows the recognised standards for the Regulatory arrangements for the Qualifications and Credit framewo rk (2008), wellness and safety at work (1974), and the Equality Act (2010) to help its own reputation as a good/ outstanding awarding organisation. This in turn helps the organisations vocational links to the SSC sector skills council and its industry standards of data safeguard while also increasing the skills and productivity of our respective sectors workforce beneath safe, professional circumstances. These guidelines provider us with influence as to how we can weaken development our own qualifications and apprenticeships. Edexcel is our primary awarding organisation so their policies and guidelines are arguably the most regularly used every day.

Environmental issues and policies in Madagascar Essay

With the manhoods nation growing constantly and with human needs and desires growing sanely fast, we feel like every year there is little and little(prenominal) room for us to run low on and it takes more and more effort for us to calmly and amicably share room and resources with our neighbors. In fact, it is likewise early to speak nigh global over tribe, since there are even so vast expanses of yet uninhabited land, to say nonhing of the ability of humans, with the succor of innovative technological facilities, to promptly acclimatize to a lower place extreme antecedents.However, in many countries (particularly in third- military man countries) almost emigrational tendencies that are mostly dictated by economic and social factors, are creating quite a plausible picture show of our futurity world, revealing the most presumable and formidable phenomena we may represent in future. Some commodious cities are experiencing serious problems re recentlyd to speedily i ncreasing inflow of unsophisticatedmen who, for various reasons, are forced to leave countryside and insure for a part life in cities.Over the past a a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) decades, most economies rush been developing in such(prenominal) a sort as to provide propitious conditions for rapid urbanization. Industrial development sum total numerous revolutionary technological breakthroughs that took place in the twentieth degree Celsius have resulted in the step forwardance of large factories. The growing necessitate for pay workforce has attracted country dwellers, leading to massed withdrawal of human resources from artless areas. In terms of personal affluence, the concentration of social and economic activity in the city has made urban purlieu more attractive and promising.Although governments of some countries have realized the danger of such economic tilts, most rural lands are still experiencing severe shortage of financial support re sulting in persistent skepticism of many heap about life in the countryside. It is to say, that it takes a lot of innovative thinking and political will on the part of a government to balance out the local economy, as well as the realization of the fact that harsh mandatory or administrative measures imposed on spate to make them stay in rural areas al whizz will non suffice.It will be not before we manage to create scotchly healthy and prosperous environment in the village that we shall be able to speak about things in the countryside taking a turn for the better. We have considered the negative of withdrawal of human, financial, industrial and technological resources from the village from the standpoint of rural life. This bulky-lasting tendency seems to be making it hot for cities too.In many cities, especially in world capitals, unending inflow of immigrants seeking wealthy and prospect, has contributed to rapid and uncontrolled population step-up, resulting in tough and fierce competition in the sphere of charge and acute contradictions between management and hired staff, entailing collisions of interests, forward-moving social stratification and environmental deterioration. All this has led to a number of doubtful achievements and hazards, which appear to be making city life far less homy than it usaged to be a short while ago. Today, Mexico city is the worlds largest capital, counting about 22 million people.Mexico is a large industrial city, and it appears to be sharing the fate of most industrial centers of the world, except coping with the influx of countrymen. The acceptance by the Mexican government of trustworthy trading rules in line with international agreements, a par make sense condition of the countrys participation in the WTO, has impacted rural economy, do a dramatic economic collapse in the agricultural sector, resulting from the unstableness between local prices and those imposed by WTO regulations. This has triggered a new hurry of internal migration from the countryside to the city.Unfortunately, problems that the city of Mexico has accumulated by direct are not limited to overpopulation. It is not the overpopulation itself that poses most serious difficulties, but also visionary measures taken by the city government. To say the least, with the inflow so intensifier and so manifest, the citys townplanning committee does not seem to be fully taking into account the migration problem, or they simply fail to have pace with the time. The city infrastructure fails to keep up with the population increase, so people arriving in Mexico take up residence in gimcrack makeshift homes on the citys outskirts or in spend districts.These districts insufficiency piddle and suck supply, sewage, electricity, services, etc. , and there are no advanced waste disposal systems whatsoever. This has resulted in absolutely unfavorable environmental and epidemiologic conditions. Most of garbage and human wastes re main on or close to the surface of the earth, and large parts of it are carried by winds for miles forward and into the city. Unsanctioned dumping may spoil weewee and cause massed poisonings or outbreaks of infection.This in turn directly affects the quality of the food, increasing the risk of its befoulment with offensive substances and bacteria. There is another menacing phenomenon resulting from uncontrolled population growth and topped off by the citys geographic position. changeless anesthetise of carbodyoxide by factories, coupled with the release of automobile waste gases is put the city on the brink of suffocation. Statistically, automobile emissions make up about 60% of all emissions, and, considering the increasing vehicle ownership, there seems to be no way to reduce automobile emissions.The realization that internal combustion is the great contributor to the accumulation of emission gases in the atmosphere has prompted automobile designers to accommodate vehic les with catalytic converters, but today there are too few such cars to make the effect palpable. The city is placed on a plateau fenced off with racy mountain ranges. The cold tune arriving from bottomland the mountains forms a cap over the whole valley preventing the warm and stuffed city aviation from getting away. This lack of natural convection contributes to the accumulation of harmful emissions in the area and may turn the whole place into a coarse gas van.The continuing economic growth, extensive factory development and ever-growing population in Mexico City are aggravating the pollution problem. The accumulation of impenetrable metals in the air can undermine peoples health and result in serious progressive hereditary diseases, increasing the occurrence of cancer, chronic poisoning, high infant mortality, cardiovascular diseases, allergic reactions, innate orthopedic malformations, hapless noesis and many other physical and mental abnormalities.Progressive intake of harmful substances directly affects the nations genetic makeup, and it is hardly possible now to precisely foresee all consequences of these destructive influences. Active use of depths of the earth, resulting from ever-bulging demand for minerals and oil has triggered rapid and unforeseeable underground processes, resulting in unstable aquifers and causing a good deal water to go deeper into the ground, making it less reachable.As long as the city is situated in a seismologically unstable country with an active volcano in its direct proximity, further deterioration of the slam may result in disastrous earthquakes, which, in turn, are likely to wake up the volcano and plunge the whole area into an prophetic calamity. Apart from the goal of the bedrock, destruction of aquifers is fraught with the disappearance of water in some places and appearance of excessive amounts of it in others. This may cause lack of water supply and actual drying out of some areas and lead to unfores een floods elsewhere.The formation of empty spaces in the bed has ca utilise some areas to sink importantly over the past few decades, which increases the possibility of flooding. At the same time, the elimination of the aquifers due to extraneous phthisis of water by the growing city has led to a dramatic decline of natural water resources, backbreaking to leave the whole city without water in the foreseeable future. consort to last estimates, every second the city of Mexico takes 7,250 gallons of water, which amounts to an Olympic-size swimming pool per minute.With the consumption of water so intensive, there is a grave possibility that the amount of water remaining in the aquifers will be insufficient. Needless to say, this is much more serious a threat that inability to afford a car or a TV. In some areas, shortage of water is already conspicuous, and it has resulted in social upheavals. Changes in bedrock structure and the progressive subsidence of the ground can also resu lt in the destruction of sewer and drainage systems, increasing the risk of contaminating fresh water and so threatening to impair its quality.As we can see, all the aforementioned(prenominal) threats arise from one major phenomenon overpopulation. Needless to say, increasingly intensive use of water and resources is attributable to population growth and human thirst for sexual intercourse prosperity and every individuals desire to occupy his or her niche in the booming economy. However, this brief outline of most solid problems and dilemmas shows that if we continue to use natural resources in the current fashion, the place we jazz in will soon become absolutely unlivable.In this respect, the city of Mexico can be presented as a small replica of our completed planet, which, with the same tendencies and phenomena persisting, will soon be confronted with similar problems. There is less and less room for industrial and vehicle emission gases and, like it is with the aquifers un der Mexico city, the increasing encroachment upon minerals and oil resources is affecting the earths bedrock, creating pre-conditions for unpredictable and destructive earthquakes and massive destruction.With the situation so serious and menacing tendencies so evident, many governmental authorities of Mexico City, as well as introduce authorities express their concern about the countrys future and come up with lots of ideas, which are likely to prove steadying and effective in overcoming these negative tendencies. Whichever idea is the best, just one thing is evident today, and this is the necessity to create positive incentives and favorable conditions for people to live and work in the countryside in instal to stem the growth of city population.As air quality issue appears to be the most evident one, the city government has developed a number of solutions aimed at reduction of industrial and vehicle releases into the atmosphere. By incorporating advanced technological systems a nd usage of higher(prenominal) quality fuel, it is possible to significantly ameliorate air quality. Recently, a progressive air quality monitoring system has been implemented, so government officials and specialists have obtained control over air quality. Now every vehicle is requisite to feature advanced converting devices that are capable to cut down the release of toxic substances.In November 1989, the city Government introduced the so called No madcap Day (NDD), when car owners are supposed not to use their vehicles on certain days. The results of this innovation were a considerable reduction of traffic over-crowding and gasoline use. The use of refined types of fuel and the installation of waste gas purification and vapor recovery equipment are innovative measures regulated by the Clear Air Act Amendments of 1990. Hypothetically, these measures can be instrumental in reducing the amount of vehicle-related chemicals in the air and thus improve air quality.However, these ide as, though effective theoretically, have proven less feasible in reality. As a rule, advanced technological solutions are something than few people can afford, and most people find it less expensive to yield authorized inspection employees and use old vehicles than purchasing new automobiles or applying expensive technologies. Not infrequently, the cost of implementing new equipment exceeds the size of fines by far, so people prefer to pay fines rather than spend money on equipment.For this reason, the results of the latest innovations have turned out to be less tangible than expected. The NDD policy has also revealed a number of unexpected actions on peoples side. Instead of increased usage of public transportation, Mexico City dwellers base a way around it by purchasing more vehicles in order to have a reserve automobile to be used on No Driving Days. Actually, this nullified the immediate positive tendencies that showed during sign stages of the NDD policy. Other attempts to l imit air pollution include increased vehicle ownership taxation and boosting the price of fuels.The advocates of these measures believed that this would discourage people from using cars and thus reduce the impact on the environment. All these measures have proven less effective than expected, since most Mexico residents simply cannot afford new vehicles, to which the new regulations real spread, and prefer to use old vehicles without having to purchase new equipment. Now, having discussed a few measures that have been taken over the last several years in an attempt to solve the ecological problem, we can see that they are not always applicable or effective.As there is just one major problem that all these issues stem from the overpopulation all efforts to change things for the better must be concentrated on solving overpopulation problem. Although mandatory measures, such as inspections, bans, taxation and can have a temporary effect, there is no way to achieve significant impro vement in air and water quality but by using wise economical and political instruments. Once again, in order to encourage city dwellers to transmit to rural areas, healthy economic environment must be created in agricultural regions.This is only feasible through establishing price standards acceptable for country dwellers and creating an ample ground for agricultural business organization. In other words, in order to stop the growth of city population, we have to make the village no less livable than the city. Unfortunately, very little is being done to improve life in the country, since it would take a decision by the Mexican government to unilaterally withdraw from the WTO, which can entail a booking with the USA, the founder of the WTO.Today, the Mexican government still prefers to use doubtful methods of forcing the poor to leave the city by raiding their encampments, as it did in the late 1990s. 1. Phil Hearse. MEXICO CITY Environmental Crisis, Socialist Solutions. Environ ment and Urbanization, Vil. 11, No 1, 53-78 (1999) 2. Ramiro Tovar Landa, 1995. Mobile extension Pollution in Mexico City and Market-Based Alternatives Published by the Cato Institute. Editorial and business offices are located at 1000 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. , Washington, D. C. , 20001